Yayin da tashe-tashen hankula a kididdigar ke kan raguwa a Amurka, al'ummar kasar na kafa wani yanayi mai ban tsoro game da yadda take kula da wadanda suka fi fama da yunwa, marasa gida, da iyalai marasa inshora. Rahoton da masu bincike a kwalejin Manchester suka fitar ke nan a cikin sabuwar kididdigar da suka shafi cin zarafi da cutarwa ta kasa, a cewar wata sanarwar manema labarai. Kwalejin da ke Arewacin Manchester, Ind., tana da alaƙa da Cocin 'yan'uwa.
Tun kafin bala'in guguwar Katrina ta Gulf Coast, buƙatun abinci na gaggawa ya karu da kashi 14.4 cikin ɗari a cikin shekara ɗaya kawai - daga 2003 zuwa 2004 - tare da mutane miliyan 38.2 ko kashi 13.2 na yawan jama'ar da ke zaune a gidaje suna fuskantar "rashin abinci," bisa ga binciken. .
Wasu sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci na ƙididdiga sun bayyana a cikin nazarin bayanan ƙidayar Amurka daga membobin malamai uku da ɗalibi a Manchester. Ƙungiyar ta bincika 1995-2004 talauci da matakan samun kuɗi don ƙungiyoyi da yawa a cikin yawan jama'ar Amurka. A cikin 2004, fiye da kashi 81 cikin 35 na manyan biranen Amurka sun mayar da mutane baya ga matsuguni, yayin da iyalai da yara ke da kashi 40-45.8 cikin ɗari na mutanen da ba su da gida a Amurka. A cikin wannan shekarar, mutane miliyan XNUMX ba su da inshorar lafiya.
Duk da haka, sabuwar ƙididdiga ta ƙasa na cutarwa da tashe-tashen hankula na nuna kyawawan halaye a cikin 14 daga cikin masu canji 19 da aka auna cikin tsawon shekaru tara. An raba fihirisar zuwa manyan nau'ikan tashin hankali/ cutarwa guda biyu. Fihirisar Keɓaɓɓen ya haɗa da, misali, kisan kai, kisan kai, da mutuwar muggan ƙwayoyi. Ƙididdiga na Jama'a ya haɗa da, misali, cin zarafin 'yan sanda, gurɓataccen kamfani, da cin zarafin yara. Hakanan ya haɗa da cutarwa daga tsarin al'umma, kamar talauci da wariya.
Laifukan tituna sun ragu sosai, maƙasudin ya nuna, yana taimakawa wajen ƙara yawan faɗuwar kashi 14 cikin ɗari a cikin Fihirisar Mutum tun 1995. Ƙididdiga na Jama'a kuma ya ragu, kodayake ya haɗa da haɓaka a cikin nau'in gwamnati (tsarin gyarawa da tilasta bin doka).
"Kamar yadda ya saba da cutarwar mutum da aka sani da ban mamaki, irin su kisan kai, cutar da jama'a kamar yadda yake da lalacewa kuma yana da yawa a cikin al'ummarmu," in ji masanin ilimin zamantakewa da kuma farfesa Bradley L. Yoder, daya daga cikin masu bincike. "Mutane da yawa suna fuskantar mummunar illa daga tsarin gine-gine da dakarun hukumomi."
Babban misali mafi ƙaranci na cutar da al'umma shine sakaci na zamantakewa, wanda ke ci gaba da hawa. Ko da yake yawan barin makarantun sakandare ya ragu sosai a shekarar 2002 zuwa kashi 3.4, bayan ya yi shawagi kusan kashi 4.5 cikin dari na tsawon shekaru shida, a shekarar 2003 ya haura zuwa kashi 3.8.
Sauran alamomin sakaci na zamantakewa sun ci gaba da karuwa a cikin 2003, wasu da gaske: rashin inshorar lafiya - daga 15.2 zuwa 15.6 bisa dari na yawan jama'a, tare da miliyan 45 marasa inshora a 2003; yunwa–fiye da gidaje miliyan 12.5 sun fuskanci karancin abinci daga miliyan 12.1 a 2002, a cewar Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka; rashin matsuguni-a cikin 2003 matsakaita karuwa na kashi 7 cikin buƙatun buƙatun gidaje na gaggawa a manyan yankuna na birni.
Tawagar binciken Kwalejin Manchester tana karkashin jagorancin farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam Neil J. Wollman, sannan kuma sun hada da James Brumbaugh-Smith, mataimakin farfesa a fannin lissafi da kimiyyar kwamfuta, da Jonathan Largent na Muncie, Ind na biyu. Mambobin malamai suna tattara Index tun 1995. .
Binciken Kwalejin Manchester na musamman ne wajen yin la'akari da rashin matsuguni da kuma yawan ficewa tare, in ji Wollman, babban jami'in Cibiyar Nazarin Zaman Lafiya ta Kwalejin Manchester kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin halin dan Adam. "Ta hanyar nazarin su tare, za mu iya ganin ko al'ummarmu na amsa daidai da bukatun 'yan kasarta, musamman wadanda suka fi rauni," in ji shi. "Idan aka yi la'akari da ainihin yanayin waɗannan dogon buƙatun da ba a cika su ba - da kuma yadda duk sauran ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu ke samarwa a waɗannan yankuna - muna iya buƙatar duba kanmu sosai da kuma tunanin mu na kasancewa mutane masu tausayi."
Misali, wadanda ba fararen fata ba har yanzu sun kasance sau 2.7 sun fi fuskantar talauci a cikin 2003. Kuma, yayin da rata a cikin rarrabuwar kawuna ya ragu sosai ga jinsi, launin fata, da shekaru, bambance-bambancen aji ya ci gaba da hauhawa. Bambanci na 2003 shine mafi girma akan rikodin.
Don ƙarin koyo game da Ƙididdigar Ƙasa ta Harm da Tashin hankali da tuntuɓar masu binciken, ziyarci www.manchester.edu/links/violenceindex. Kwalejin Manchester mai zaman kanta, mai sassaucin ra'ayi ita ce gida ga shirin karatun zaman lafiya na farko na ƙasa da Ƙungiyar Alƙawarin Graduation. Don ƙarin koyo game da ziyarar Manchester http://www.manchester.edu/.