Wata Coci na 'yan'uwa minista tana cikin mutane 78 da aka yi afuwa don yanke hukuncin tayar da hankali a Montana a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, 'ya'yan itacen Aikin Yafewar Tawaye a Makarantun Jarida da Shari'a na Jami'ar Montana. Clemens P. Work, farfesa a fannin shari'a kuma darektan karatun digiri a makarantar aikin jarida ne ya jagoranci aikin.
An shigar da tuhume-tuhume a kan marigayi dattijon Cocin ’yan’uwa kuma minista John Silas (JS) Geiser a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1918, daga furucin da ya yi a ranar Lahadi, 5 ga Mayu, 1918, yana adawa da yaƙi. Wataƙila an yi maganganun a matsayin wani ɓangare na wa'azi.
Zarge-zargen tayar da zaune tsaye a kan Geiser ya kasance "babban sabon abu," in ji Work. Geiser shi ne "daya tilo daga cikin wadannan shari'o'in da aka yanke wa wani minista, da kuma wani minista da aka yanke masa hukunci kan abin da ya fada yayin wa'azi."
A lokacin, Geiser ya yi hidima a ikilisiyar Grandview da ke kusa da Froid, Mont. An tuhume shi a karkashin wata doka da majalisar Montana ta zartar a cikin 1918, wanda "ya aikata laifuka iri-iri," a cewar Aiki. Gabaɗaya, mutane 79 a Montana (wanda aka yafe a 1921) an yanke musu hukunci saboda sukar gwamnati a lokacin yaƙi.
An kai rahoton Geiser ga hukuma don yin wannan furucin: “Dukan yaƙi ba daidai ba ne. Ba daidai ba ne a siyan shaidun yanci ko tambarin thrift. Ya kamata mu dage; kuma ina roƙon ku da kar ku saya ko siyan duk wani sharuɗɗa na yanci ko tambarin thrift…. Na gaskanta ba daidai ba ne mutum ya kashe ɗan'uwansa. Wanda ya sayi liberty Bonds da Thrift Stamps don samar da harsashi don kashe mutane ya yi muni kamar kashe kansa. Na yi imani cewa wanda ya sayi 'Yancin Kwando da Thrift Stamps don taimako da tallafawa yakin ya yi muni kamar wadanda suke hayar 'yan bindiga a birnin New York don kashe 'yan uwansu. "
"Kamar yana shelar zaman lafiya ne ko ba haka ba?" yayi sharhi Ralph Clark, memba na ikilisiya na yanzu wanda ke sha’awar tarihin coci. Clark ya gudanar da bincike game da hukuncin Geiser na tayar da zaune tsaye a madadin aikin yafewa.
Geiser ya koma Froid a 1915 daga Maryland, inda ya fara aikin da daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa Baltimore First Church of the Brothers, bisa ga wani labarin mutuwarsa a cikin mujallar Church of the Brothers “The Gospel Messenger” na Afrilu 27, 1935. Geiser kuma. ya yi aiki a matsayin likitan hakori, kuma ya ci gaba da aikin likitan hakora don tallafa wa iyalinsa yayin da yake hidima a Grandview. Lokacin da Geiser ya isa Montana sunan ikilisiyar Lake Medicine; Yanzu ana kiranta Big Sky American Baptist/Brethren Church tare da haɗin gwiwar Brothers da Baptist. A cikin 1927, rashin lafiya ya tilasta Geiser ya koma kan ƙananan tudu na gabas, inda ya mutu a 1934, in ji mutuwar.
Labarin mutuwar bai ambaci hukuncin da Geiser ya yi na fitina ba. Amma bisa ga binciken Clark, minti na coci ya bayyana ƙarin. A cikin taron ikilisiya a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 1918, Geiser ya janye wani ɓangare na bayaninsa na Mayu 5, yana mai cewa bai fahimci hukunce-hukuncen taron shekara-shekara kan siyan ɗaurin yaƙi ba. Clark ya ce "karantawa tsakanin layi," Geiser na iya yin magana ne game da taron shekara-shekara daga lokacin yakin basasa da ke ba da izinin siyan shaidun gwamnati.
A taron da aka yi a ranar 14 ga Mayu, ikilisiyar ta zaɓi a ci gaba da Geiser a ofishinsa kuma a taimaka masa ya nemi taimakon shari’a don tuhumar ta da tawaye. Sannan a watan Yuni, Geiser ya mika murabus dinsa ga cocin bayan ya bayyana fatarar kudi. Dattawan gundumomi sun yanke hukunci a watan Yuli 1918 suna soke nadin Geiser, in ji Clark. A cikin Satumba 1920, duk da haka, an mayar da shi cikakken hidima. Taron shekara-shekara ya fusata kan ayyana fatarar kudi kuma hakan ne mai yiwuwa dalilin da ya sa aka yanke hukuncin soke nadin Geiser, in ji Clark.
Geiser bai yi zaman gidan yari ba saboda hukuncin da aka yanke masa amma an ci shi tarar $200. "Kamar yadda zan iya tantance su (iyalin Geiser) sun ci gaba da zama a gidansu kuma membobin coci uku sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar belin dala 5,000 kuma memba daya ya biya tarar $200," in ji Clark.
Daga cikin mutane 79 da aka samu da laifin tayar da zaune tsaye a Montana, 41 sun shiga gidan yari, sauran kuma an ci tarar su. Tsawon hukuncin daurin shekaru 1 zuwa 20 ne, adadin da aka yi masa a zahiri shine watanni 7 zuwa shekaru 3. Tarar ta tashi daga $200 zuwa $5,000. "Matsa na shi ne cewa bai kamata su yi zaman gidan yari na kwana guda ba," in ji Work. Ya ce an zartar da dokar tada zaune tsaye a cikin wani yanayi mai cike da rudani, saboda fargabar kawo cikas ga yakin da ‘yan kwadago ke yi. "Mutane sun kasance cikin damuwa a lokacin game da yakin da kama 'yan leƙen asiri da abokan gaba na yakin," in ji Work.
Wadanda aka samu da laifin tayar da zaune tsaye ba masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ba ne ko kuma suna da alaƙa da aiki. “Waɗannan mutane ne talakawa waɗanda ke faɗin kalamai masu banƙyama game da gwamnati, mutanen da a yau za mu kira blue kwala ko ƙauye, manoman noma,” in ji Work. Ƙungiyar ta kuma haɗa da ƴan editocin jaridu da magatakarda. Yawancin maganganun da aka tuhumi mutane, maganganun sirri ne, ko kuma ba da hannu, wasu an yi su cikin fushi wasu kuma watakila cikin maye. A kowane hali, "wani mai sauraro ya yi fushi" kuma ya shigar da mutumin saboda "akwai wannan doka da za a iya tuhumar su da kuma tura su kurkuku," in ji Work.
Sau da yawa ba a caje mutumin don abin da suka faɗa, amma don “su wane ne,” a cewar Aiki. Alal misali, wasu daga cikin waɗanda aka yanke wa hukuncin, baƙi ne Jamusawa. "Ko kuma wanda ya ba da rahoton su ya yi amfani da doka a matsayin izini don ramuwar gayya ko biya, ko nuna fushi," in ji Aiki. "Ba mu san nawa ne suka fada cikin wannan rukunin ba."
Aikin yafewa ya taso ne daga bincike don littafin Aiki na 2005, "Mafi Duhu Kafin Dawn: Tada hankali da Magana Kyauta a Yammacin Amurka." Ya fara binciken a 2000. A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001, ya "zurfafa cikinsa," in ji shi. “Ina karanta irin kalaman da nake ji a talabijin, cewa ‘bakar fata da fari,’ ko dai kuna tare da mu ko kuma kuna adawa da mu, ku yi gaggawar nuna kishin kasa, ku gaggauta zartar da dokokin da za su sa mu sami kwanciyar hankali. Na ga daidaici da yawa bayan 11 ga Satumba. "
Daga baya, yayin da yake tallata littafin, tambayoyin da aka yi masa game da ƙarshen aikin ya haifar da tunanin neman afuwa. Tare da farfesa Jeffrey T. Renz, na Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Montana, da ɗimbin gungun mutane da suka haɗa da ɗalibai na shari'a da aikin jarida, masana tarihi, da kuma tarihin tarihi, aikin ya sami gafarar zartarwa daga Gwamna Schweitzer na Montana. Sama da ‘yan uwan wadanda aka samu da laifin tayar da kayar baya 40 ne suka hallara a ranar 3 ga watan Mayu lokacin da gwamnan ya bayar da afuwar.
Game da Geiser, mutuwar ministan ya nuna cewa bai bar hukuncin tayar da hankali ya shafi ƙaunarsa ga hidima ba. “Ya ƙaunaci babban arewa maso yamma, amma sama da duka yana ƙaunar cocinsa da rayukan mutane. Ya so ya ga an kafa cocin mu a wannan kasa ta majagaba,” in ji labarin mutuwar. Bayan Geiser ya yi rashin lafiya a shekara ta 1927, “Yaya ya yi bankwana da abokansa da yawa na yamma,” mutuwar ta ci gaba, “kuma tare da iyalinsa sun sake mayar da fuskarsa zuwa gabas.”
Don ƙarin bayani je zuwa http://www.seditionproject.net/.