Gwagwarmayar tarihi don sarrafa Kiristanci na Amurka

Wannan labarin shine taƙaice daga David A. Hollinger na littafinsa na baya-bayan nan, Ƙaddamar Kiristanci ta Amirka: Yadda Addini ya zama Mai Ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma Al'umma mafi Secular (Jami'ar Princeton Press, 2022).

Donald Trump yana da kyakkyawan dalili, a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2020, don tsayawa a gaban wata majami'a a dandalin Lafayette a Washington, DC, rike da Littafi Mai-Tsarki a sama yayin da kyamarori suka nadi lokacin. Yayin da 'yan sanda da sojojin gwamnati suka tilastawa masu zanga-zangar kare hakkin jama'a da karfi daga dandalin, ya bayyana alakarsa da masu jefa kuri'a na bishara da ya san za su yaba da wannan karimcin. Miliyoyin wasu sun yi watsi da shi a matsayin abin kunya, amma ya fahimci dogararsa ga wani yanki na zaɓaɓɓen da suka tsaya Kirista Amurka kuma sun gaskata cewa Littafi Mai Tsarki nasu ne. Kadan ne suka san cewa cocin St. John's Episcopal ne, tushe na “sauran Furotesta,” Furotesta masu sassaucin ra'ayi, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da aka san su da hangen nesa na bishara da na al'umma.

Waɗannan “sauran Furotesta” sun taka rawa sosai a rayuwar Amurkawa tun lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II fiye da yadda ake gane su a yau. Shugabannin waɗannan manyan ƙungiyoyin Furotesta sun shiga cikin kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, sun jagoranci Majalisar Ikklisiya ta Duniya da Sabis na Duniya na Ikilisiya, kuma sun nemi ta hanyar ƙananan tsare-tsare na duniya-kamar Heifer Project—don haɗa kan bil'adama. “Masu ilimin ecumenicals” sun fahimci ƙimar addinan da ba na Kirista ba, kuma, a cikin ƙara damuwa game da daular al’adu, sun sake duba ayyukansu na mishan don mai da hankali kan hidima. A kusan dukan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcensu, manyan ikilisiyoyi sun yi “ƙimar Kiristanci na duniya” da “ƙishin ƙasa na Kirista” ya kawar da shi a gefe.

ikirari mafi aiki da tasiri a cikin wannan motsi don ƙarin ƙwararrun Furotesta sune Methodists, Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Baptists na Arewa, Almajiran Kristi, da kuma jikunan Lutheran da yawa, waɗanda ɗimbin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi suka haɗa da Dutch Reformed, Cocin of 'Yan'uwa, da Quakers. Duk waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun ƙarfafa ilimi a kowane mataki kuma sun sanya tazara tsakanin su da maƙwabtansu masu kunkuntar ƴan akida.

Shugabancin ecumenical a hukumance ya yi adawa da Jim Crow tun a farkon 1946. Tun kafin sauran kungiyoyi su kasance a shirye su kauracewa biranen da otal-otal suka ki yi wa Bakar fata hidima, an gudanar da tarukan kasa na Majalisar Ikklisiya ta Tarayya—wanda ya gabace Majalisar Ikklisiya ta Kasa — sai dai a garuruwan da otal-otal dinsu suka yi alkawarin yi wa wakilan Amurkawa ‘yan Afirka daidai. Ilimin jima'i a makarantun gwamnati ya kasance babban aikin Furotesta na ecumenical.

Waɗannan “sauran Furotesta” kuma sun kafa sharuddan da abokan hamayyarsu masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka cimma ma'anarsu. Wa'azin bishara na zamani, yana ginawa akan ginshiƙan tsattsauran ra'ayi, ya shahara ba a matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu cin gashin kansu ba amma a matsayin martani-baki-baki ga yunƙurin ecumenical. An kafa ƙungiyar masu bishara ta ƙasa a cikin 1942 a matsayin ƙungiyar masu fafutuka da ke adawa da Majalisar Tarayya na Coci. Fuller Theological Seminary, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1947, ya zama ƙarfin tunani mai zurfi game da tasirin darussan masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Kiristanci a yau da aka kafa a 1956 don counter Ƙarnar Kirista, kuma godiya ga kuɗaɗen da babban mai ra’ayin mazan jiya Howard Pew—wanda ya biya kuɗin aika kwafin kyauta ga dubban limaman Furotesta—nan da nan ya wuce gona da iri. Century a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin shekarun 1950 zuwa 1960, marubutan bishara sun zargi shugabanin ecumenical da zama 'yan gurguzu, suna biyan bukatun Tarayyar Soviet.

Hankali na dangantakar ecumenical da bishara: Sau da yawa, muna fahimtar haɓakar bishara a cikin sarari, baya ga tarihin Furotesta na ecumenical. Idan muka yi la'akari da yanayin dangantakar Ikklesiyoyin bishara, duk da haka, muna fuskantar gaskiya mai mahimmanci: aikin bishara ya bunƙasa a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa mai aminci ga mutanen farar fata waɗanda suke so a ƙidaya su a matsayin Kirista ba tare da sun yarda da abin da shugabannin ecumenical suka ce wajibcin da ake bukata ba. ta bishara a cikin al'umma mai bambancin kabila da al'adun ilimin kimiyya. Wannan yana nuna karyar ka'idar sanannen cewa Ikklisiyoyi masu bishara sun bunƙasa saboda sun fi yin buƙatu a kan masu aminci, yayin da majami'u masu sassaucin ra'ayi suka ƙi saboda rashin neman wani abu mai yawa. Akasin hakan gaskiya ne. Yayin da shugabannin ecumenical ke sa kiristanci ya zama mai buƙata, Billy Graham da irinsa suna yin sauƙi.

Menene Billy Graham yake nufi da “karɓar Kristi”? Ya juya cewa yana iya nufin kasancewa cikin iyakokin al'adun gadon da aka nuna a cikin Norman Rockwell's Asabar Maraice Post rufe yayin da kawai alƙawarin zama mafi kyau a ciki. Don zama mafi kyau, wato, a rayuwa daidai da wannan al'adar ta siffar kai. Aiwatar da Dokar Zinariya, kasancewa da aminci ga abokin aure, nisantar batsa da kusancin jinsi ɗaya, guje wa shaye-shaye da muggan kwayoyi, ba da taimako ga maƙwabta marasa galihu, yin addu'a a kullum, da tallafawa abubuwan da suka dace na Tsarin tattalin arziki da siyasa na Amurka yayin da aka gyara zaluncinta ta hanyar canje-canje a hankali a cikin zuciyar ɗan adam, ba lallai ba ne alamun alherin Allah. Amma ana tsammanin waɗannan halayen daga waɗanda suka zo bagadin Graham. Ya isa haka.

Bai isa ba ga shugabannin manyan ƙungiyoyin, waɗanda suka yi kira ga masu aminci da su yi watsi da ra'ayoyi da ayyuka da suka gada da yawa waɗanda suka zama kamar na wariyar launin fata, jima'i, na mulkin mallaka, ɗan luwaɗi, rashin kimiyya, da son zuciya. Amma waɗannan ra'ayoyi da ayyuka sun kasance sananne tare da yawancin fararen fata, ciki da bayan majami'u. Ta yaya shugabanci zai iya tafiya ba tare da rasa mutane a cikin kullun ba? Yaya ɗan ƙaramin canji zai isa ya kasance da gaskiya ga bishara yayin da shugabanni ke zuwa fahimtar ta?

Waɗannan rashin tabbas sun ba da ma'ana ta rikice-rikice na ƙasa na ƙarshen 1960s da 1970s akan Vietnam, mata, 'yancin ɗan adam, da karuwar yarda da alaƙar jima'i. Shugabannin Ikklisiya sun yi nisa da sauri ga wasu ’yan cocin, amma ba su yi nisa da sauri ba ga wasu, musamman matasa, waɗanda ke barin coci-cibiyoyi da yawa. Tsakanin ƙarshen 1960s zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20, kasancewa memba a yawancin ƙungiyoyin majami'u ya ragu da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku. Wannan raguwar ta ci gaba a cikin karni na 21st. Duk da cewa yawancin wannan raguwar ya samo asali ne daga faɗuwar haifuwar da ke da nasaba da tallafin ecumenical don tsarin iyali da kuma sana'ar mata a wajen gida, raguwar ta kuma nuna jin da yawa daga cikin manyan "masu zaman lafiya" na cewa majami'u sun kasance kayan aiki marasa ƙarfi don ciyar da gaba har ma da majami'u. mafi kyawun dabi'un da malaman Methodist da na Presbyterian suka koyar.

Babban aikin tarihi na majami'u na Ecumenical shine yin aiki azaman tsakuwa zuwa ga mulkin bayan Protestant. Waɗannan majami'u masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun ƙirƙira kuma sun ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin yanayi inda ya zama mai yuwuwa a shiga cikin tausayawa tare da ɗimbin abubuwan ban mamaki na kabilanci, jima'i, addini, da al'adu na ɗan adam. Waɗannan nau'ikan sun yi barazanar lalata ayyukan da aka gada da imani, amma majami'u na Ecumenical sun kasance masu ƙarfin hali don samar da al'umma da tsarin da ya sauƙaƙa waɗannan ayyukan ga mutanen da ƙila sun guje su. Cewa miliyoyin mutane da yawa suna ci gaba da kasancewa a gida a cikin majami'u na ecumenical ba ya haifar da wani ƙaramin mahimmanci, a tarihi, aikin taimakon wucewa ga sauran miliyoyi. Ba duk wanda aka kora a hanya daya ta hanyar yanayi daya ke kare wuri daya ba.

Shin jami'an ecumenical sun ci kasar yayin da suka rasa coci? Ba sosai ba. Amma wannan magana ta ƙunshi wani ɓangaren gaskiya. Matsalolin bambance-bambancen da suka shagaltu da rayuwar jama'a na Amurka a yau sun yi kama da abin da shugabannin ecumenical ke so a cikin 1965 fiye da abin da abokan hamayyarsu na bishara suka ba da shawarar. Ecumenicals sun ba da wani yanki mai tsoka na babban birnin alamar kiristanci ga abokan hamayyarsu na bishara, amma sun yi aiki a matsayin "tushen ƙasa," wanda za a iya cewa, don ƙimar da ta wuce Kiristanci. Amma duk da haka tashin ɗimbin adadin Furotesta da Katolika sun bar ginin Kiristanci na Amurka da sauƙi waɗanda masu bishara da abokansu na Katolika masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka mamaye.

Tarihin Kiristanci na baya-bayan nan yana nuna cewa makomarta ta Amurka ita ce, a wani bangare, ta zama tasha zuwa wani abu dabam. Amma sauran makomar Amurkawa ta Kiristanci ya dogara da wanda ke sarrafa abin da ya rage.

Tun daga zamanin d ¯ a zuwa yau, aikin Kirista ya kasance motsi na hankali, sha'awa, manufa, hasashe, kauna, ƙiyayya, da shirye-shirye waɗanda aka shigo da su a cikinsa kuma ƙungiyoyin musamman waɗanda ke gudanar da gina ɗimbin jama'a masu son rai. don gane su a matsayin Kirista. Hatta na asali na Kiristanci, takaddun fayyace motsi su kansu na kakannin kakanni daban-daban ne a cikin duniyar Mediterrenean ta dā, waɗanda mutane da ƙungiyoyi masu tarihi suka zaɓa don matsayin nassi. Manufofin da aka ci gaba cikin sunan Yesu Banazare ba su da iyaka, amma suna da ban mamaki a cikin bambance-bambancensu da kewayonsu. Abin da ya fi kirga kamar Kirista koyaushe ana samun shi, ba a taɓa bayarwa ba. Duk ya dogara da wanda ke sarrafa don samun da kuma riƙe ikon ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida.

Gwagwarmayar sarrafa Kiristanci na Amurka bai ƙare ba. Furotesta na lallashe daban-daban ba su kaɗai ba ne. Su ma mabiya darikar Katolika, sun kasu kashi biyu tsakanin masu ra'ayin ci gaba da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, amma a yanzu sun fi fice a takamaimen rawar da suke takawa a matsayin masu samar da wadanda aka zaba na Kotun Koli wadanda za su iya biyan bukatun 'yan Furotesta na bishara da ke kawance da Jam'iyyar Republican. Amma babban rikici shine tsakanin masu wa’azin bishara da Trump ya buga musu a maraicen watan Yuni na 2020, da “sauran Furotesta” wanda St. John's Episcopal alama ce tasu.

Cikakken labari na rarrabuwar kai da bishara yana ba mu damar fahimtar aiwatar da wannan rikici na yau da kullun.